Shakespeares Portrayal Of Women English Literature Essay

Shakespeares Portrayal Of Women English Literature Essay Shakespeares female characters are represented across a variety of social classes. In this essay I will explore how Shakespeare portrays women in A Midsummer Nights Dream inclusive of several female characters in this play. This allows us to examine in depth, to a very limited extent, how they were treated in society and the stereotypical roles Elizabethan society imposed upon them. I will be examining specifically the characters and portrayal of Hippolyta, Helena and Hermia and how they defy the stereotypical notion of how women were treated by men. Firstly, the most obvious aspect regarding Shakespeares portrayal of women in this play is that the female gender is commodified. Throughout the play, women are treated like objects to be sold or traded. With reference to the background of the characters Theseus and Hippolyta, Greek mythology states that when Theseus, the Duke of Athens, sailed to the land of the Amazon, the Amazons offered Theseus gifts of peace. However, Theseus kidnapped Hippolyta, the queen of the Amazonians, and forcefully made her his wife.  [1]  This resulted in the war between the Athenians and the Amazons. Theseuss action of claiming Hippolyta as a prize and a wife might show that he treats them as objects rather than human beings.  [2]  This idea is reinforced when Theseus says Hippolyta, I wooed thee with my sword, and won thy love doing thee injuries (I.i.16-17). This statement refers to how Theseus won the battle with the Amazons and in conquering the Amazons; he has conquered their queen, Hippol yta, both physically and emotionally. Hippolytas lines in this play are of relatively insignificant amount and value as compared to Theseuss. For example, in the first Act, Hippolyta only comforts Theseus by saying that Four days will quickly steep themselves in night; Four nights will quickly dream away the time (I.i.7-8) and they will have the marriage ceremony soon. In addition, Theseus appears to be making the decisions regarding everything, ranging from their marriage to Hermias marriage. This is significant as it shows that Hippolyta is subservient to Theseus as she has little say in these state events despite being seated next to Theseus. In addition, Hippolytas silence could possibly show how she is unhappy about being forced into a marriage with Theseus  [3]  as shown in the 1970s BBC production of A Midsummer Nights Dream. Hippolytas silence could also be seen as a rejection of male dominance.  [4]  However, it is also significant that Hippolyta gets is given more of a voice in the last scene after bein g married and this will be explored later. Another relationship that suggests the marginalizing of women is seen again between Egeus and Hermia. Egeus, Hermias father, has made up his mind to marry Hermia to Demetrius but Hermia refuses to do so. Egeus then brings up this complaint to Theseus, hoping Theseus is able to help him. In doing so, Egeus is shown to regard Hermia as a commodity. Egeus says that Hermia has turned her obedience, which is due to me (I.i.37) and that since she is mine, I may dispose of her (I.i.42). These 2 lines show Egeus treating Hermia as mere property  [5]  because he made her and hence Hermia ought to listen to her fathers instructions. This idea is also proven by some parents in the early 17th century such as Sir Edward Coke who whipped his daughter into marriage with a mentally unsound man.  [6]   Moreover, Theseus becomes the personification of the law in Athens as he tells Hermia to either to die the death, or to abjure for ever the society of men (I.i.65-66). According to the ancient privilege of Athens (I.i.41) a womans father has the right to decide who she should marry and she has no say in his decision. If the woman goes against the wishes of her father, she can either be put to death or to stay a virgin forever by becoming a nun. The number of different options given by both Theseus and Egeus only goes to support the fact that Renaissance women were constrained in the verbal medium and that silence was the virtue most stringently required from Renaissance women.  [7]   However, it is also through these three women that we see the female gender defying the societys treatment of women then. Hippolyta, Helena and Hermia go against the grain in their unique ways and show that despite the limitations and laws that society imposes upon them, they are able to assert themselves and show society that they have the potential to be as capable as men. Critics have said that Shakespeares portrayal of women in this manner could possibly be his own stand on how women should be treated equally as men but since he belongs to the Elizabethan era, it is still difficult to garner Shakespeares precise views on feminism and its issues solely based A Midsummer Nights Dream and even if we could, it is still problematic to judge his 16th 17th century mindset based on the definitions and criteria of twentieth century feminism.  [8]  In addition, Shakespeare is based in the Elizabethan era yet he writes about the lives and attitudes of the ancient Greeks. This suggests that interpreting Shakespeares mindset from his works is only reliable to a small extent. Hence, his representation of women only serves as an understanding to how he was unorthodox in the gender assumptions of his era. One extremely effective method of showing that women should assert having their opinions and rights recognized by men is to have the characters in A Midsummer Nights Dream either engage in a power struggle or a role reversal. The very first power struggle shown in the play exists between Egeus/Theseus and Hermia. In Act 1 Scene 1, Hermia openly defies Egeuss wishes for her to marry Demetrius instead of Lysander. Through Egeuss eyes, Hermia is seen to have a stubborn harshness (I.i.38) and she will not consent to marry with Demetrius (I.i.40). She defies Egeus despite knowing that ancient tradition grants the father power to marry his daughter off whoever he wishes to. Nonetheless, she even conspires with Lysander and agrees to his plan of leaving Athens to Lysanders widow aunt whose house is remote seven leagues (I.i. 159) and out of reach of the sharp Athenian law (I.i.162). While running away might seem like a nuanced and subtle form of defiance, it is still an affirmation of Hermi as rights and freedom as a woman to choose who she marries. In the same scene, she defies Theseus in both her tone and her language. For example, when Theseus tries to persuade Hermia to marry Demetrius by saying that Demetrius is a worthy gentleman (I.i.52) Hermia asserts, So is Lysander (I.i.53). In addition, when Theseus tells Hermia that she faces either a nunnery or death, she replies that My soul consents not to give sovereignty (I.i.82) and she would rather be a nun than having to marry Demetrius. In Hermias case, the act of women asserting themselves is almost unheard of as Shakespeare lived in a patriarchal culture in which authority and privilege is particularly invested in the hands of the patriarch of a family. This shows that women were subordinate to men.  [9]   The most obvious example of gender reversal is between Demetrius and Helena. In Act 2 Scene 1, Helena reminds the audience about this role reversal by saying, We cannot fight for love, as men may do; we should be wooed, and were not made to woo (II.i.241-242). This line refers to how, in this situation, Helena is playing the role of the male chasing after the female (Demetrius) through the woods and persuading Demetrius to love her. Although I acknowledge that Helena is forced to woo Demetrius due to her situation of unrequited love, it is not proper for a woman to behave in this manner in Ancient Greece. This role reversal between Helena and Demetrius suggests that in Ancient Greece, women were generalized as insensible and unable to make proper judgments and hence needed a male guardian.  [10]  By getting Helena to play the role of men, Shakespeare creates comic relief as the audience sees it as ridiculous and absurdly funny. In addition, some members of the audience may feel sympathetic for Helena instead. Inducing sympathy and challenging the audiences perception of women could have been Shakespeares intentions to promote equal treatment regardless of gender. Nonetheless, this seemingly comic situation still holds true to this day as we, to a small extent, still stereotype women as human beings to be wooed by men despite various organizations pushing for female equality. This may be due to our genetic makeup as human beings or cultural influences about women but we do not exactly know. The final instance of a power struggle between the genders occurs between Theseus and Hippolyta. In Act 5 Scene 1, Hippolyta voices out that she disagrees with Theseus on the events that happened to the lovers the previous night. While Theseus says that he may never believe these antique fables (V.i.2-3), Hippolyta disagrees and says that it must have been true because all their minds transfigured together (V.i.24) and it was more witnesseth than fancys images (V.i.25). Hippolytas verbal answer can be seen in two ways. Firstly, Michael Boyd, a stage director implied that Hippolyta has accepted Theseus as she gives her husband a kiss. This suggests that Hippolyta is simply discussing the whole issue about the lovers with Theseus. The darker way of looking at this is that Hippolyta is involved in struggles for power in a patriarchal society.  [11]  In doing so, Hippolyta empowers the female gender by going against how women were supposed to be submissive and agreeable to their husb ands. In conclusion, I hope this essay demonstrates Shakespeares several conscious and subconscious feminist intentions, through A Midsummer Nights Dream, in his portrayal of women as opposition to the supposed virtues of marriage.  [12]  More importantly, this paper would have suggested that A Midsummer Nights Dream may be interpreted to imply Shakespeare being a proto-feminist who understood and sympathized women who were treated unfairly.

Meaning of a word Essay

â€Å"Language is the subject. It is the written form with which I’ve managed to keep the wolf from the door, and in diaries, my sanity. In spite of this, I consider the written word inferior to the spoken, and much of the frustration experienced by novelists is the awareness that whatever we manage to capture in even the most transcendent passages falls far short of the richness of life. Dialogue achieves its power in the dynamics of a fleeting moment of sight, sound, smell and touch.† -excerpt taken from Gloria Naylor’s ‘The Meanings of a Word’. Words The first sentence of this excerpt can have several interpretations, depending on which synonym of the word ‘language’ you choose to use. It could be her theme, her topic, her focus, the area that is under discussion. Language, for her, is the subject, the one she has used to support herself, the form she has employed to preserve her sanity. In the first part of her third sentence, Naylor states that she considers the written word inferior to the spoken in spite of her second sentence; it is second rate, of lesser importance than the words actually verbalized. For her, written words do not hold as much power as those that are spoken; she, and novelists like her, are aware that even the most descriptive and moving of passages do not fully capture a ‘fleeting moment of sight, sound, smell and touch’ the way dialogue does. Naylor is of the opinion that one simple gesture, scene, scent or sound achieves what a thousand words describing them cannot, and this is frustrating to her, hence, her statement, ‘†¦I consider the written word inferior to the spoken’. I disagree with this idea and argue that the written word is superior to the spoken. There is a phrase that says that ‘the pen is mightier than the sword’. Taken in literal terms, this phrase is a physical impossibility. Obviously, he who wields the bigger, stronger sword would triumph over he who brings a flimsy pen to the fight, unless by some slim chance it was some sort of new,  unbreakable pen. What, then, is the meaning of this saying? The answer lies not in comparing the physical appearances of these two objects, but in considering what they can do. A sword, when used by a master of the blade, can kill maybe a dozen people. A pen can kill millions. It can condemn entire cities to death. In 1945, documents authorizing the use of the atomic bomb on Japan did just that; with the signatures of the cabinet and the President of the United States, Hiroshima and Nagasaki’s fates were sealed. Consider also, that while a sword may be used to threaten a village or two, using a pen can set entire countries free, and decide the future of generations to come. The independence of British colonies, such as Zambia in 1964, was finalized by a stroke of a pen at the bottom of the declaration. Think about it and you realize something: it’s not the pen that’s mightier than the sword. It is merely an instrument that is used to achieve an end. It is the words that are written using the pen which hold the power; it is the words on that document or bill or law or article that are mightier than the sword. â€Å"I was jarred and shocked by the style, the clear, clean, sweeping sentences. Why did he write like that? And how did one write like that? I pictured the man as a raging demon, slashing with his pen, consumed with hate†¦I stood up trying to realize what reality lay behind the meaning of his words†¦this man was fighting, fighting with words†¦using words as a weapon, using them as one would use a club. Could words be weapons? Well, yes, for here they were.† -excerpt taken from Richard Wright’s ‘The Library card’ The above excerpt comes from a point in Wright’s ‘The Library Card’ where the main character reacts strongly to a book he has just read. It is clear that the direct, cutting style of writing has affected him, and he hungers to know why and how someone could write like that. This leads him to pondering the hidden meaning behind the words, and the style of writing is such that he likens the author of the book to a demon, ‘slashing with his pen’. In fact, he comes to the conclusion that words can be used as weapons and this  supports the argument that written word is superior to the spoken. Like Mencken in ‘The Library Card’, we can use written words in the same way. They can be used to challenge set ways of thinking and attack prejudices and injustices without the violence of a war or the pettiness of a verbal argument. Using written words, arguments become free of emotional entanglements and are reduced to their simplest, most direct for ms. The spoken words that Naylor prefers would not be able to attain the same effect that a signed document would. A verbal agreement about an important matter, such as Independence of a country, would never hold up to the scrutiny of a legal proceeding. It would be far too easy for either party to change the wording of their verbal agreement ever so slightly to tip the scales in their favor or change the words all together, and in doing so, change the terms completely. There would be no way to prove that the agreement even took place. The spoken word or word of mouth is an unreliable way to learn about historical events. Stories that are passed down from generation to generation stand a high risk of being distorted over time, and with so many storytellers, the original version will be lost within three or four generations. This is another way that the written word is superior to the spoken; written documentation ensures that the facts and details will always be there when we need them, exact and unchanged. With so many variations and dialects of the English Language, it is almost impossible to find a daily word that was not been abbreviated or corrupted into slang. If it is not one or the other, then the context it is used in gives it a completely different meaning anyway. Take the word ‘nigger’ for example. Naylor shows us that depending on the words it is used with in speech, the word takes on multiple implications, thus increasing the chance of mistaking its meaning. Written words are clear cut, especially if written clearly, correctly and succinctly. Words hold power over us all. While the spoken form does hold sway over every living being, words used in speech are like the beginnings of a thought and  it is the written form that ultimately completes the idea.

12 Angry Men Analysis - 3 Essays - 1101 Words

12 Angry Men, a 1957 film directed by Sidney Lumet, based off of a teleplay by Reginald Rose, exemplifies various forms of human communication amongst a small group of men. After the court dispute, the jury had been announced to their destination. Twelve strongly expressive men accumulate into a small group in the court where they will all come to a consensus on whether a boy is to be charged guilty or innocent. The group of twelve men that gathered into this small room, all displayed unique and strong personalities—whether it was a strong aggressive attitude, a strong devoted will, or even a strong mouse personality. Their objective was to all agree towards one single decision—guilty or innocent. If only one person decides to say†¦show more content†¦In the beginning of the movie, a simple vote was called upon the jury on the boy’s status. The vote casted was eleven to one, eleven guilty and one innocent. The one man that challenged the whole group eval uated that there was a possibility for error. Due to moralistic values, the boy’s life was at stake and he did not allow the group to just cast aside a life without in depth discussion. Evidently, the man was able to accomplish persuading the group that the boy was innocent. By having the whole group come to one final decision, they were able to display the group decision method of a consensus. Another communicational concept that was displayed amongst the group was leadership and power. The leadership approach that was used throughout the film was a democratic leadership style which â€Å"invited other members to share in decision making† (254). Since all had to come up with an agreement to one conclusion, all members had to represent their opinions on why the boy was innocent or guilty. All input was necessary and required to reach a consensus which is why there was no particular leader that influenced the group throughout. There were of their own decision with the influences of others around them. As far as power spreads amongst the group, several methods were examined throughout the film. One of the powers used was coercive power which â€Å"comes from the threat or actual impositionShow MoreRelatedGroup Communication In 12 Angry Men935 Words   |  4 Pages12 Angry Men: Group Analysis Paper In 1957, the producers H. Fonda, G. Justin and R. Rose collaborated with the director S. Lumet to create the film, 12 Angry Men. In this paper, I will provide an analysis of the small group communication displayed by the main characters in the motion picture. I will discuss group communications, group development, group membership, group diversity, and group leadership. These topics will be dissected in order to properly examine the characters’ behavior. 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Project Management And The Fashion Industry - 1372 Words

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Some owners try to accomplish way to much, more than they can do the mselves, Skillpath says â€Å"project managers and business owners often try to tackle all aspects of running a company or specific project by themselves. While this is ambitious, it s not realistic† (How). The retail company has two upcoming fashion shows that they can be involved in. One is in New York and will be a two day long project. The price for this fashion show is going to be $3,000 more than the second project that would be located in Chicago. Each fashion show is going to bring in the same amount ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Devil Wears Prada 1660 Words   |  7 PagesThesis: For the ability to join this 30% of those lucky people, I would fulfill my dream job of working in fashion public relations. Introduction The movie â€Å"The Devil Wears Prada†, introduced me to the life I am destined to be apart of. 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Essay on Civil Liberties During World War One - 798 Words

Mackenzie Deane Period 4 Civil Liberties during World War One According to the Bill of Rights, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† Nowhere in the First Amendment does it state that in times of war, the government can change the laws that have been made to protect the people of the United States. Although some thought President Wilson’s actions were just, he did not abide by the rules of the First Amendment, and because of that, he went too far in limiting people’s civil liberties during World War†¦show more content†¦If this is hard to believe, the case of Eugene Debs demonstrates how it was done. Debs lectured fellow socialists on the detriments of the draft. In his speech he stated, â€Å"The poor, ignorant serfs had been taught to revere their masters; to believe that wh en their masters declared war upon another, it was their patriotic duty to fall upon one another†¦ The master class has always declared the wars; the subject class has always fought the battles†¦ I would rather a thousand times be a free soul in jail than to be a sycophant and coward in the streets†. Debs did just that, this speech cost him ten years in prison. Many would say that he was only speaking his mind, and he should be able to do that, but the government had most power, and they got the final say. Charles Schenck had a similar case. While passing out pamphlets giving men reasons to not join the army, he was arrested and charged with violating the Espionage Act. Again, he was only trying to inform people of the disturbing side of the war. After the Espionage Act, came the Sedition Act in 1918. The Sedition Act did not allow language â€Å"tending to incite, provoke, and encourage resistance to the United States in said war†. This Act infringed further on people’s First Amendment rights. Individuals’ abilities to express themselves were curtailed. One of the people that went against this Act was Joseph Abrams. Abrams was a Russian immigrant who did not agree with the Americans invading Russia. Because of this,Show MoreRelatedCivil Liberties During World War II1665 Words   |  7 Pagesstand for justice and recognize that serious injustices were done to Japanese Americans during World War II. --President George H.W. Bush, 1988 Many times in history the Supreme Court has been faced with deciding how to treat civil liberties during war time. This raises the question, what restrictions if any should the court allow during wartime. The court is faced with making the decision on civil liberties during wartime for security reasons, and to protect the rights of the individual. 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The American Civil Liberties Union is a nonpartisan group that serves to protect the individual rights and liberties of American citizens and is considered a powerful interest group, especially within movements that advocate civil rights and civil liberty. Ginsberg, Lowi, Weir, and Tolbert define interests group as â€Å"individuals who organize to influence the government’s program and policies†Read MoreCivil Liberties And The Government Of The United States1178 Words   |  5 Pagesthe United States has in the past overreacted in times of war and crisis, and has seriously violated many civil liberties. A democracy requires high levels of civil rights, liberties, and political openness in order for its citizens to fully participate in political election, and other governmental activities; however, the demands of national security usually require much less openness, secrecy, and limitations on civil rights and liberties. 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The novel A Lesson Before Dying is about a young, college-educated man and a convict, Grant Wiggins and Jefferson. Grant is asked to make a man out of Jefferson who is convicted of killing a white man during a robbery in which he got dragged along to. Grant is asked by Emma Lou to make a man out of Jefferson, so if anything, Jefferson can die with dignity. Something that he was striped of when he was tried and his attorney used the defence that he isRead MoreThe Long Road to Freedom1333 Words   |  5 PagesFreedom Freedom, the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Freedom is more than the power to act, speak, or think as one wants, but it is also the right of one to do anything they please as long as it does not infringe upon another humans rights. Basic freedoms are those such as; freedom of religion, press, speech, assembly, petition, thought, expression, and opinion. These rights are only those given to the Americans through the constitution, butRead MoreSecurity versus Liberty in the US Fight Against Terror Essay760 Words   |  4 Pagesnever been more relevant than after the war against terror gave the government reason to increase the surveillance. The war against terror is bringing us closer to Orwells dystopian society. Do we have to pay this high price to win the war against terror? After 9/11, the USA and the rest of the world were in shock. To keep the American people calm the government had to act fast. On the same day as the attack of the Twin Towers, President George W. Bush declared war on terrorism. On October the 26th 2001

Counseling in the Latino Culture Free Essays

Case Study of Mario Abstract Counseling members of the Latino culture who reside in the United States comes with many challenges, as family structure, economic, and social factors influence an individual’s ability to cope with his new surroundings. In the case study of Mario, an examination of his US residency and the motivational role his family played in his relocation is crucial in determining his mental state and understanding of support. Latino men are generally hesitant to seek counseling and admit weakness, and the mandate of the court for treatment may even create more resistance in the case of Mario. We will write a custom essay sample on Counseling in the Latino Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now While treatment goals would include a complete abstinence from addictive substances, deeper success would come with a realization of his coping mechanisms and the environment factors triggering their defenses. Measures success will be found in the increased ability for Mario to self-disclose during treatment, cooperating in native-language journaling, and attendance and voluntary participation in addiction oriented group counseling. Personal Information When first meeting with Mario, I would like to understand more about who he is. Since we may not have complete file on his demographics, I would like to know his age, marital status, original residence, if he has children, and current employment situation. I would like to know about his journey to get into the United States, as well as the decision making that went into the process. Considering that he has left his family behind, I would like to know who he is staying with or his current living conditions. Since the ties among family are highly valued in the Hispanic culture, determining whose choice it was for Mario to enter the United States illegally would assist in understanding his emotional state and stability. As mentioned by Torres Zayas (2009), â€Å"Latino men are intensely devoted to their families, take great pride in their ability to provide for and protect their wives and children, and are deeply connected to their extended families and their broader communities† (Torres Zayas, 2009, p. 206). In light of this, I would like to know the motivation for being in the United States despite the risks associated with his alien status. I would also like to know if he any contact with his family back home. I would also like to know about his family background. The primary source of identity and self-esteem in a Latino is found in his familial structure (Torres-Rivera, 2004). Additionally, the family culture of the Latino population heavily involves the teaching and cultures of the Roman Catholic church, which is a source of Mario’s social interaction (Hildebrand, Phenice, Gray, Hinesm, 2008). The family structure and culture also provides understanding of the level of acceptance or tolerance for substance abuse, and whether or not there are any moral objections to such behaviors by relatives and his original community. This provides an avenue from which to pursue support or determine a weak spot in his associations (Torres-Rivera, 2004). I think it would also be pertinent to follow his journey in the United States for the past five years. How many times has he been unemployed? What different cultures, ethnicities, and attitudes has he been exposed too? How has he learned to communicate with others? Research show the social and economic conditions play a significant role in substance abuse among Latinos (Black, DeBlassie, Paz, 1991). Realizing what he has been exposed to may provide insight into his need or decision to abuse alcohol or other substances. Personal Biases and Limitations Having had previous exposure to the Latino community through a non-profit organization, I feel that I am comfortable around their culture. One of the keys to building successful rapport with a Latino client is familiarizing oneself with the Latino community and culture, and I think that my desire to become more education about diversity would allow me to accomplish this (Black, DeBlassie, Paz, 1991). However, realizing that he is an illegal alien does give me cause for concern and my first inclination may be to question why he is receiving counseling rather than being deported. Since men within the Latino â€Å"seldom present for treatment, and even more rarely do they make the initial request for services themselves† (Torres Zayas, 2009), I may be predisposed to assume that these sessions would be pointless and his addictions were just a part of his primary culture. I may also question who would be paying for the services, and feel that government funding would be better spent on individuals who had a â€Å"legitimate right† to ur services. Should he have limited English speaking abilities, I may be frustrated and feel that he had a responsibility to learn English if he wanted to a part of our country and just refer his case off to a Spanish speaking counselor so I would not have the challenges that would accompany that barrier. With these thoughts and biases, my understanding of his lifestyle and point of view would be skewed and I do not think that I would look objectively at goals and treatment plans. I may go through the motions of listening, but lack a sincerity and empathy in my approach and response. Latino individuals, especially men, need to develop strong rapport with their counselors or therapist, as self-disclosure is extremely difficult for them (Torres Zayas, 2009). My attitude may be easily sensed, which would lead to confrontation and hostility from the initial introductions (Black, DeBlassie, Paz, 1991). Goals In working with Mario, I think the primary goal would be abstinence from alcohol. Instead of explaining the evils of alcohol or the effects on his physical health or even the legal consequences of abuse, it is more critical that I engage him in a decision to abstain from alcohol for a specific period of time as we discuss the implications of his abuse on his family and community. Although he is separated from his family, deriving treatment goals from what is culturally acceptable behavior highlights one of the strongest values in the Hispanic culture- protecting and providing for the family (Maddux, Phan, Roberts-Wilbur, Torres-Rivera, Wilbur, 2004). Realizing that his dependence on alcohol may be a coping mechanism for his loneliness and having him explore avenues to become more socially engaged will be another goal that I pursue with Mario. In Latino men, â€Å"substance abuse is often used to cope with the discomfort and unmet emotional needs of the individual† (Maddux, Phan, Roberts-Wilbur, Torres-Rivera, Wilbur, 2004, p. 31). Despite the need for change, it is plausible that Mario will not support these goals. In fact, â€Å"resistance should be expected at with every intervention when working with Latino clients† (Maddux, Phan, Roberts-Wilbur, Torres-Rivera, Wilbur, 2004, p. 36). One suggestion for combatting this resistance would be to have Mario participate in a group counseling setting where he can examine the importance of cultural beliefs and values, as well as provide him a more â€Å"familiar face† environment where he can be honest with other Latino participants (Maddux, Phan, Roberts-Wilbur, Torres-Rivera, Wilbur, 2004). Theoretical Approach Because of the strong need for Latino men to feel in control and exude their masculine identity, I will have to carefully approach my discussions or plan for Mario (Torres Zayas, 2009). I would develop a better relationship if I share ideas and allow him to discuss it and offer input. The Latino population is generally not interested in lengthy, theoretical discussions and often prefers action. ‘Hispanic clients were found to be tolerant of early goal setting in the counseling process† (Black, DeBlassie, Paz, 1991, p. 229). My style should be direct, and include an understanding of the problem form their perspective (Diller, 2011). It would also be important to incorporate a spiritual component to his treatment, â€Å"since spirituality for Latinos is an important part of their identity† (Maddux et al, 2004, p. 37). Latino individuals are known to terminate counseling prematurely (Madduz et al, 2004). With the fact that counseling has been mandated by the courts, I would establish a minimum of four sessions. Since the primary session will mainly gather information about his background, that leaves three sessions to work through what I have discovered and found to be important to him. Since this will be combined with attendance with a support group, I do not want to scare Mario or smother him in his treatment and progress. If there is a language barrier, it may be easier for Mario to communicate on a deeper emotional level in his native language (Black, DeBlassie, Paz, 1991). If this is the case and he is comfortable doing so, I would have him journal in Spanish or outwardly speak his thoughts occurring when he has a desire to drink or when he is lonely. This may be more effective than me trying to tell him how he might feel in English. Therapeutic Progress and Success While success would be for Mario to become more integrated into his present community and maintain control over his alcohol intake, measuring success for Mario may be difficult if he is unable remove the depression, fear, and stress that often accompanies Latinos residing in the United States (Maddux et al, 2004). However, smaller signs of success with be a noticeable change in his effort to participate in therapy and increase in the depth of his disclosers during sessions. Once Latino men are more comfortable and engaged in the therapeutic process, their walls come down and they are more willing to be personal and open in their revelations (Torres and Zayas, 2009). Further success would be shown in his willful participation in the group therapy that he has been required to attend. References Black, C. , DeBlassie, R. , Paz, H. (1991). Counseling the Hispanic male adolescent. Adolescence, 26(101), 223-32. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/195933761? accountid=12085 Diller, J. V. (2011). Cultural diversity: A primer for the human services (4th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Hildebrand, V. , Phenice, L. , Gray, M. , Hines, R. (2008). Knowing and serving diverse families (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Maddxx, C. , Phan, L. , Roberts-Wilbur, J. , Torres-Rivera, E. , Wilbur, M. (2004) Counseling Latinos with substance abuse problems. Journal of Addictions Offender Counseling, 25(1), 26-42. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/194443893? accountid=12085 Torres, L. Zayas, L. (2009). Culture and masculinity: When therapist and patient are Latino men. Clinical Social Work Journal, 37(4), 294-302. doi: 10. 1007/s10615-009-0232-2 How to cite Counseling in the Latino Culture, Papers

Mr Peter Van Essay Example For Students

Mr Peter Van Essay Van driver: John will be driving the hire van to transport the artifacts back and forth between the museum and the collector, Richard and myself will also be accompanying John to oversee the handling of the artifacts and to look after any particularly fragile artifacts during transport. 5. 0 Exhibition, artifacts care and climate control The museum has a temporary exhibition gallery which includes environmentally sealed cabinets, UV shielded lights and all equipment needed to monitor the artifacts, such as:   Hygrographs   Data loggers   De-humidifiers and humidifiers. Air conditioning The museum also has backup generators for climate control equipment. A few extra consumables will need to be purchased to accommodate the exhibition, such as silica gel packs. Because the materials that make up the collection vary, considerations will have to be taken in to account based on the composition of artifacts in each cabinet. 5. 1 Fabric, textiles and wood The cabinets containing artefacts comprising of Fabric, Textiles and Woods such as clothing and paintings will have to be kept at RH level of 46-54% and a temperature range of 16-20i C, This is the range for tight control and has been chosen to safeguard the integrity of the paintings. 5. 2 Musical instruments The rule of thumb for mixed collections of stable objects is an RH of 50-60% and temperature of 19-23i C so this is what shall be used for the instruments. 5. 3 Vinyl The vinyl records can be kept in the RH range of 50-60% between 19-23i C. 5. 4 Plastics The plastics shall be kept in the 50-60% RH and 19-23i C range, in line with the mixed collections of stable objects rule. 5. 5 Film and Photographs. As the film are rare and in colour, they shall be kept within the tight control ranges of 20-30% RH and 2i C. 5. 6 Books and Magazines The Collection of comics shall be kept within 40-65% RH and between 15-20i C recommended for paper. 5. 7 Large working objects The Austin Mini Cooper is in full road-worthy condition so will need to be displayed/stored in the museum foyer/reception area due to it having fuel in its petrol tank (the foyer being large enough to park the vehicle and ventilated well enough to disperse any petrol fumes). The Triumph motorcycle and the Lambretta scooter are in display condition (drained of all liquids and are bolted upright to solid stands) so will need to be kept in the 45-66% RH and 19-23i C range. 5. 8 LUX As stated before the artefacts on loan to the museum are in good condition and in general are not a delicate collection, therefore light exposure is not a concern in this instance. 5. 9 Pest control The museum environment is kept very clean and hovered regularly to protect against mite infestations. Glue traps are also kept in display cabinets and the rooms are sprayed with pesticide at night before closing. The RH levels in the rooms are kept between 45-55% which also helps to keep bugs and insects at bay, this RH level differentiates from the sealed artifact display cabinets, however, as stated before, glue traps are placed inside the cabinets and the cabinets are regularly checked for pests. If any are found the artifact is isolated in self sealing polythene bags and the pests are removed and exterminated. If the object is infested then techniques such as freezing, double freezing and anoxia treatments can be used on the artefact. 6. 0 Transportation The majority of the collection will transported by myself and two museum volunteers to and from the museum in a large van donated for the days required by Udrive of Poole (donated to the museum on the understanding that we will display two large banners at the museums entrance for the duration of the exhibition, these banners bear the Udrive company logo and will be supplied by Udrive themselves). .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a , .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a .postImageUrl , .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a , .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a:hover , .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a:visited , .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a:active { border:0!important; } .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a:active , .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1d4528afe4dadbff7f38ef8b68b8a33a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nutrition in Mountain Biking EssayThe Austin Mini Cooper will be delivered by Mr Van who is going to personally drive the vehicle to the museum and then back after the exhibition has ended removing any need for either a vehicle haulage firm or insurance for the vehicle by the museum whilst it is in transport. 6. 1 Inspection and Condition reports Before the artefacts are packed away and transported they must be inspected by both parties for any signs of wear or damage. If any levels of wear or damage are identified, a condition report must be filled in and signed by the lender; photographic evidence may also be required. This is to make sure there are no disputes about the condition of the artefacts upon return of the collection; both parties must be present. 6. 2 Packaging It will be necessary for the artefacts to be packaged well in acid free boxes suitable for the transport of museum collections. As the transport is being supervised and the collection is not fragile, there is no need for either party to provide extensive protective packaging materials such as acid free paper and bubble wrap, however small amounts of these shall be used out of caution. The artifacts shall first be wrapped in acid free paper before bubble wrap as the bubble wrap can be acidic. Also, the packaging materials will be provided at the museums cost. 7. 0 Events In line with section 3. 4 of the museums associations Code of ethics for museums guide, the museum has organised a couple of interactive events that will run over the course of the weekend. These include: 7. 1 Disco Event Dance Instructors Grace and disco Stew have been employed to run an interactive 60s disco and dance session at intervals throughout Saturday and Sunday.